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Neil Towell

New York, New York

ZHANG JUZHONG AND LEE YUN KUEN REPLY: We can only infer how the flutes were made on the basis of the technologies available to the Jiahu people. There is no evidence that metal tools were used at the Jiahu site.

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Although the red-crowned crane’s bones were very thin, they were also very hard, so they wouldn’t have broken easily. Cutting a crane bone at an exact location required precise control, which could be achieved by sawing with a stone knife. The holes in the flutes were perforated by drilling, and in fact, some stone drills were found in Jiahu, though they did not match the size of the holes in the flutes. The Jiahu may have used other stone drills that matched the holes, but we didn’t uncover any during the excavation.